Our multichannel vapor-cell module is based on the design of Refs, which used a two-color pump/probe scheme on a single optical axis.
In this work, we report a new OPM sensor for the detection of biomagnetic fields, specifically those of MEG. MEG of epilepsy in the rat model has also been observed with fiber-coupled, microfabricated OPMs. Single-channel and multichannel vapor-cell devices-as well as single-channel chip-scale modules-have been demonstrated. Progress since then has centered on developing individual, fiber-coupled modules that may be arrayed around and conform to subjects’ heads. The first MEG signals observed with SERF OPMs used a large vapor cell and free-space laser beams to sample the magnetic field over a region on one side of the head. The best magnetometer sensitivity of 0.16 fT/Hz 1/2 was achieved with a SERF OPM and even outperforms that of SQUIDs. Since MEG signals (~100 fT at the scalp) are much weaker than MCG signals (~100 pT at the chest), MEG signals were not observed with OPMs until the development of the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometer, which is the only type of OPM with high enough sensitivity (fT/Hz 1/2) and small enough size for MEG. Fetal MCG has also been recorded using vapor-cell and microfabricated devices. More recently, multiple designs have been employed for laser pumping of macroscopic vapor-cell and chip-scale OPMs.
Initial work on MCG began with vapor cells pumped by discharge lamps. The technology of OPMs is being actively developed for both MCG and MEG. Additionally, existing tools for analysis and interpretation of SQUID systems may be adapted to an OPM system. There are potential cost savings with an OPM-based system because a smaller system could employ a much smaller magnetic shield, and there would of course be no cost of liquid helium. Reconfigurability would allow sensors to be placed closer to the magnetic sources and would be especially advantageous for human subjects with small heads, such as children. Without a liquid helium dewar, the size of an OPM instrument may be much smaller than SQUID systems, and the OPMs may be reconfigurable. The sensitivity and bandwidth of OPMs are sufficiently high to observe MCG and MEG signals of interest, but OPMs operate at or above room temperature, so no liquid helium infrastructure is required. OPMs measure magnetic fields by probing the interaction of near-resonant laser light with an alkali metal vapor that is in a magnetically sensitive state. For these applications, though, optically pumped (atomic) magnetometers (OPMs) have emerged as a promising replacement for SQUIDs. Common biomagnetic applications include measurement of the magnetic fields from the heart, magnetocardiography (MCG), and from the brain, magnetoencephalography (MEG).
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